Supply and demand are more difficult to align
Ìý Ìý⇒Population growth, electrification, and climate change drive demand increase:
Ìý Ìý Ìý • 2022: historical high for US electricity consumption (4.05 trillion kWh)
Ìý Ìý Ìý • Energy efficiency offsets demand but not fully – demand growth 1% p.er year until 2050
Ìý Ìý Ìý • 16% of households are energy poor
Ìý Ìý⇒Share of wind and solar has quadrupled and is predicted to increase further
Ìý Ìý Ìý • non-dispatchable, very dynamic, smaller, more decentralized; does not fit too well with the old T&D network
Ìý Ìý Ìý • still a small share US-wide: 9.9% wind, 4.7% solar (US Energy Information Agency, Electricity Data Browser).
Ìý Ìý⇒Solutions for grid-side, utility-scale energy storage (BESS) are emerging, several regionally